The Semantic Barriers In Peoples Communication English Language Essay

The Semantic Barriers In Peoples Communication English Language Essay Presentation: The word semantics has its source in Greek and is taken from the word semantikos, which means giving indications or suggestive. The initial segment sema of the word semantikos implies sign. Semantics is the investigation of implying that is passed on in a language. Semantics alludes to explicit implications of a word, particularly in scholarly circles. Semantic hindrances, in this way, are the misconceptions that happen by individuals attempting to impart a thought, yet all the while having totally various implications as a top priority for the words. Semantic obstructions originate from contrasts in language, instruction, and culture. Clearly if the sender is talking in English and the collector doesnt get English, theres an issue. In any case, regardless of whether the sender and recipient communicate in English, they may not talk a similar lingo. The words they use may not mean something very similar. In the event that we request a soft drink in Washington, DC, for instance, well get a soda. On the off chance that we request a soft drink in Detroit, well get a beverage made of pop water and enhanced syrup with dessert coasting in it. On the off chance that one is from the United States and he is addressing a Scot from Glasgow, the American may make some hard memories just understanding his elocution. What's more, his intonation might be endless to the individual from Scot. The collector may utilize confounded words or expressions that the sender doesnt see, for example, to ratiocinate rather than to reason, or I am very keen to your endeavors for my sake rather than Thank you. Or then again the sender and the recipient may have social contrasts that make it hard for them to see each other regardless of whether they communicate in a similar language: A Christian, a Jew, and a Muslim all love one God, however they consider God in various ways. In certain societies, the utilization of titles before names is critical as an indication of regard, while welcoming somebody weve just met utilizing their first name (the same number of Americans do) would be considered very discourteous. The greater part of us underestimate that every one of our messages are very much passed on. However, practically speaking, all messages are not effectively directed or gotten. Different snags, barricades, troubles, stoppages or choking influences, known as boundaries to correspondence, deform the message and make correspondence incapable. These correspondence boundaries create turmoil and strife between people living in a similar society, chipping away at a similar activity and even people living in various pieces of the world who even don't have any acquaintance with each other. Countless administrative issues are the aftereffect of inefficient or imperfect correspondence. Generous organic products can be picked up if correspondence hindrances are hosed or limited. A correspondence is a two-way process, separation between the sender and the beneficiary of the message is a significant obstruction to correspondence. Commotion and ecological factors likewise square correspondence. Individual variables like distinction in judgment, social qualities, feeling of inadequacy, inclination demeanor, time pressure, correspondence failure, and so forth expand the mental separation between the sender and the recipient. Semantic is the study of importance. Similar words and images have various implications to various individuals. Troubles in correspondence happen when the sender and the beneficiary of the message utilize words or images in various faculties. The importance expected by the sender might be divergent from the significance followed by the recipient. Individuals comprehend the message as far as their own conduct and experience. SEMANTIC BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION ARISE DUE TO THE FOLLOWING REASONS: Social DIVERSITIES: The vast majority of the challenges in correspondence emerge in light of the fact that a similar word or image implies various things to various people as indicated by ones culture. Lets take the case of Shiny Abraham. An entertaining and pity thing happened to Shiny Abraham at the 1986 Asian Games at Seoul. In spite of starting things out by a wide edge in the 800 m. Race, she was precluded and lost her gold award for having crossed the track at where she ought not have gone. As indicated by her she mixed up the image, i.e., the shade of the banner. While in our nation the warning shows peril, in South Korea white banner is utilized for a similar reason. Misconstruing the white banner which had been set up by then, she crossed the track at an inappropriate spot and endured a difficulty. Words, which are as a general rule images speaking to a thing, an activity or an inclination, can have a few implications. As clarified before, words which speak to solid things, e.g., vehicle or house, will in general be comprehended similarly, while unique words like legitimacy, adequacy or obligation, will in general be deciphered by various people in various manners. Trouble in comprehension may emerge even on account of conventional words which have diverse relevant implications. Of late such challenges are being experienced progressively by individuals working in universal advancement field. One such issue emerged in deciphering the importance of the word steps. In a preparation program of wellbeing laborers, identifying with the family wellbeing in Jamaica when an inquiry What are a portion of the means that a mother should take to ensure that her infant keeps sound? was asked, it was discovered that there was no reaction to it. The students who were acquainted with just one importance of the word-steps dependent on their experience, couldn't simply comprehend the inquiry. Newness to WORDS: Semantic trouble may emerge in light of newness to words. For instance, due to an expression of some unknown dialect of which the beneficiary has no information. A specialized word may not make such a difficult it might be past the capacity of the recipient to get it. So as to make it powerful, a correspondence must be articulated which are suitable to the earth and mental system of the recipient. This guarantees the correspondence to be gotten a handle on appropriately and executed successfully. A fascinating case of a correspondence made compelling by the utilization of words suitable to the earth in which they were utilized is given by the accompanying episode that occurred in one of the rural conditions of the USA. A proposition for raising the compensations of the employees of a horticultural school was being talked about. The ranchers alliance was absolutely against giving the raise to the school instructors they couldn't perceive any reason why they should pay those school educators $5000 per year only for talking 12 to 15 hours per week. Staff agents made no progress in their arrangements until one of them who made them ranch understanding, got an inspiration.Gentlemen, he told the individuals from the regulatory body, a school educator is similar to a bull. Its not the measure of time he spends. Its the significance of what he does! Non-verbal communication BEING INCONSISTENT: Semantic hindrance may additionally be made by non-verbal communication being conflicting with the verbal correspondence. A director who adulates the genuineness and earnestness of their subordinate in a wry tone makes questions in the brains of the subordinate with regards to the game-plan the person in question ought to embrace in a given circumstance in future. A similar sort of boundary is made by a difference between the verbal language and the activity language of the bosses. At the point when activity and language are utilized together the activities regularly have more remarkable impact on others activities than words do. An administration may, for instance, declare its faith in being guided exclusively by the value of representatives while making advancements. However on the off chance that workers see that in real practice advancements are made on contemplations other than merit, the administrations declared strategy will undoubtedly be influenced by a semantic boundary it isn't probably going to impart anything, just the activities will convey and what they convey will be in opposition to what had been said in such a large number of words. Decision OF AMBIGUOUS WORDS TO CONVEY A MESSAGE: Semantic issues emerge because of the selection of words used to pass on a message. A specific word may have entirely unexpected importance in various dialects. We state Dhanyavad which implies in Hindi Thank you, yet a similar word in Guajarati implies congrats. Contrasts in foundation and experience represent contrasts in the implications allocated to specific words. Each language has its own structure and style. Semantic issues emerge when endeavors are caused to move the quintessence or to feel of an idea starting with one language then onto the next. Interesting circumstances emerge because of this exertion. Now and again the significance is contorted to such a degree, that there remains no hint of the first. During President Jimmy Carters visit to Poland, a sentence in his discourse, I have profound friendship for the Polish individuals, was some way or another converted into Polish as, I yearn for the Polish individuals. In anot her case, when a main shoe organization set up this trademark on the bulletins, we will just sell you the correct shoe a gathering of mischievous adolescents asked the director, where would they be able to go for the left shoe. Issues ARISING FROM REGIONAL ACCENTS: In a multi lingual country like India, a large number of us communicate in more than one language. Notwithstanding, the vast majority of the occasions the impact of the primary language is very noticeable and the complement with which we communicate in different dialects makes fascinating (and here and there genuine) hindrances to correspondence. The issue of provincial accents isn't just limited to Indian dialects. We, the individuals of India, treat ourselves as the extremely legitimate inheritors of the English language. It is hard to state whether it is love, pride or partiality, however we have such a great amount of English in our local dialects that a genuine look is fundamental at the manner in which we articulate English. The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages arranged at Hyderabad has accomplished this work and discovered a not insignificant rundown of English word-matches the way to express which are fairly uninhibitedl y traded for one another, despite the chaos in the implications it

NJHS free essay sample

The Best method to demonstrate future achievement is to take a gander at past achievements. Endeavoring to accomplish objectives I set for my self regular, and I appreciate the honors that I get when I accomplish those objectives. To have the option to achieve something I have spent such a large number of hours on, gives me a feeling of pride and enthusiasm to take a shot at my next task that a lot harder. Since I love that sentiment of succeeding, I attempt my hardest to achieve all that I do. Four things I have just achieved to demonstrate my accomplishment in secondary school are I am in National Junior Honor Society, have a G.P.A. of a 3.9, I am in band, and I am a functioning competitor. Being a National Junior Honor Society part is one way I have just demonstrated I will prevail in secondary school. There are various accomplishments that an understudy, such as myself, needs to secure so as to be in NJHS. We will compose a custom exposition test on NJHS or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I was flooding with amazing privilege and accomplishment in my self in the wake of being approached to join. My sister who is in Honor Society has roused me to endeavor to be in NJHS, and I’m exceedingly glad that she did. Something else I have just achieved to demonstrate my accomplishment in secondary school is that this year my evaluation point normal is a 3.9. Having the option to sustain that high of an evaluation point normal shows that devotion and difficult work pays off. Since I’m an exceedingly persuaded understudy at school, I do my best each day to get the exclusive requirements I have set for my self. Since my mother has such exclusive standards for me, I have elevated requirements for myself also, and I am happy with these desires. I am exceptionally over energetic about my evaluation point normal. Playing the French Horn in the seventh and eighth grade band demonstrates that I will prevail in secondary school. It has been demonstrated that understudies in band find out additional, and are increasingly spurred in their scholastic classes. I am special to be a piece of the band. Since I am in band, I have a major obligation to rehearse each night, and I am additionally enthusiastic about playing. Rehearsing each night for in any event 15 minutes shows how dedicated I am, and my remarkable hard working attitude. The exact opposite thing I have just achieved to demonstrate that I will prevail in secondary school is that I am a functioning competitor. Before a business recruits a worker, they search for specific qualities, such as having the option to be a cooperative person. Since I’m on the young ladies U19 hockey group, I have learned great sportsmanship and buckling down by and by truly pays off in games. Rehearsing hard now, in sports as well as, will sponsor me later on. To be a colleague is such an amazing thing, realizing the group is there for my, yet being there for the group is a staggering inclination. Since being a colleague is such a generous benefit, I don’t know where I would be without partners, and even instructors, pushing me to do my absolute best ordinary. Now in today’s society, do you figure we would be the place we are without valiant individuals prevailing at what they do? Would we have had the main individual stroll on the moon, with out somebody designing immaculate rockets? Shouldn't something be said about women’s rights, would there be something like this today if individuals weren’t dedicated to dissenting and evolving things? The world would be such a better place without these accomplishments, without achievement. Since individuals have satisfied critical objectives, the world is the thing that it is today, and I’m grateful this is the means by which the world is. Being in National Junior Honor Society, having an evaluation point normal of a 3.9, playing an instrument in the band, and being a functioning competitor are four things a have just achieved to demonstrate that I will prevail in secondary school.

What Does It Mean to Be Heteroflexible

What Does It Mean to Be Heteroflexible Relationships LGBTQ Print Heteroflexibility and Sexual Orientations A Brief History of Sexual Orientations By Anabelle Bernard Fournier facebook Anabelle Bernard Fournier is a freelance writer who specializes in home decor and interior design. Shes been writing about interiors since 2012. Learn about our editorial policy Anabelle Bernard Fournier Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 19, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 24, 2020 Photo by  Diego Duarte Cereceda  on  Unsplash More in Relationships LGBTQ Spouses & Partners Violence and Abuse From the late 19th century to recently, there were only two possible sexual orientations: straight and gay/lesbian. Bisexuals, pansexuals, and other queer orientations have recently expanded the range of sexual orientation identities. However, our society still expects people to be heterosexualâ€"a phenomenon called heteronormativity. In short, society treats heterosexuals as normal and unworthy of notice, while people who are not heterosexual face extra scrutiny, sexualization, and stigma. Thus, its predictable that people with same-sex desires and behaviors might still want to be seen as heterosexual if only to avoid all the negative consequences of coming out as non-hetero. What is this new category of heteroflexibility and what does it mean? The History Sexual orientation categories appeared in the late 19th century, with the invention of the words homosexuality and heterosexuality. Before the invention of these words, homosexual acts were outlawedâ€"there was no word for identifying as a person who had sex with people of the same gender. In his famous book Gay New York, historian George Chauncey described how New York men in the early 20th century could have sexual relationships with other men without losing their identity as men (which at the time, was synonymous with heterosexual). As long as a man dressed and acted in masculine ways and was the penetrating partner, it was acceptable to have intercourse with other men. Men who acted in feminine ways and were the receiving partner were called fairies, rather than gay. It was all about gender performance, rather than attraction. As the 20th century moved on, however, ideas of heterosexuality and homosexuality took hold as identities. In other words, having sex with people of the same gender became more than an act: it was something someone was, rather than something someone just didâ€"an identity over an activity. These categories have been more or less flexible throughout the last hundred years. The 1960s and 70s were looser in terms of sexual experimentation and identity, while the 80s and 90s saw a return of clear, rigid boundaries around the actions that were acceptable from heterosexuals and homosexuals. Heteroflexibility Today In the past few years, social scientists have seen a return to flexible notions of what it means to be heterosexual. Recent research by social scientists Carillo and Hoffman suggests that men who have occasional sex with other men are able to expand the category of heterosexuality to include their behavior.?? Mostly, they do this in terms of denying their attraction to men and talking about sex with men as only for pleasure, when women are unavailable, or as a perversion. This research concludes that instead of switching to a bisexual identity, these men change the definition of heterosexual to include occasional sexual acts with men?? â€"something that sounds a lot like the early 20th century New Yorkers that Chauncey studied. As long as these men maintain that they are not inherently attracted to men and behave in typically masculine ways, they retain their heterosexualityâ€"and privilege. Heteroflexibility as an Orientation Heteroflexibility as an orientation is akin to categories 1 and 2 on the Kinsey scaleâ€"0 being exclusively heterosexual and 6 being exclusively homosexual.?? However, because it involves attraction and/or acts with people of the same sex, some critics have argued that heteroflexible is just another word for bisexuality. The benefit of calling yourself heteroflexible instead of bisexual, of course, is the lack of stigma. Though research by Carillo and Hoffman highlights the main difference between bisexual and heteroflexibility: heteroflexible people claim that they are not attracted to people of the same gender.?? This raises interesting questions. Having Sex Without Attraction Many people have sex with people they are not attracted to, and have even enjoyed that sex. It could be for many reasons: they hired a sex worker, or they had sex with an available partner exclusively for their own pleasure, for example. This means that heteroflexible men dont have to be attracted to men to be willing to have sex with them. However, in some cases, they could also be denying their attraction to avoid the label of homosexual. It is difficult for scientists to separate the two. What Makes Someone Homosexual? Some people think that one act of homosexuality makes someone a homosexual automaticallyâ€"this is obviously not the case. Bisexuals have sex with people of the same gender without being homosexual. Heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality are identities that a person chooses, not something that is inherent to a person, like having blue eyes or ten toes. Therefore, one can choose a heterosexual identity and still have sex with people of the same gender. This is why social scientists have created three different categories: sexual orientation identity (what you call yourself), sexual behavior (what you do), and sexual attraction (who you are attracted to).?? These three things can (and often do) show different patterns among individuals and throughout each individuals life course. Ethical Questions The research on heteroflexibility raises a third questionâ€"this one ethical. Is it okay for people who have sex with others of the same gender to still claim to be heterosexual? The struggle for non-heterosexual people to be recognized and embraced as full human beings is still ongoing. Many are still unable to marry, are imprisoned, or even killed for their sexual orientation. Being able to engage sexually with people of the same gender while avoiding all of these negative consequences feels like a betrayal to those who have fought discrimination and stigma their whole lives. While its easy to see why someone would want to stay safe and avoid violence by keeping his/her non-heterosexuality a secret, its more difficult to accept someone who wants the freedom to have sex with people of the same gender without having to deal with all the stigma. Of course, if we lived in a society that accepted non-heterosexual orientations as fully as they do heterosexuals, we wouldnt have this problem. People would be free to pursue sex and relationships with anybody they want without stigma or violence. However, we are far short of this ideal. Heteroflexibility, in a way, makes it more difficult for non-heterosexuals to protect their human rights and remain safe. What Does Non-Binary Mean?

The Weakness of Liberal Democracy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1447 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Politics Essay Level High school Topics: Democracy Essay Did you like this example? As the title suggests, liberal democracy has weakness in its system that destroys itself. Brazil’s election came in favor of Mr. Bolsonaro, a right-wing advocate who supports violence, abuse of women, and ignorance of the minority. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Weakness of Liberal Democracy" essay for you Create order Within that same time frame, Angela Merkel who practically represents peace and stability in Germany has announced that she will not run again. A pattern starts to emerge. Right winged politicians start to gain popularity and fame when there is a time of crisis like economic decrease or immigration issues. What this reveal is that there’s a fundamental problem with democracy. It contains issues or loopholes that can be exploited to rip democracy itself apart. This often leads from democracy to authoritarian rule. One of the primary issues with democracy is that people don’t truly understand what democracy is about. They believe that democracy is only based on people’s view. While it’s certainly true, it’s only the byproduct or subsection because the government wants to implement systems that protect everyone and their common good. The people believe that the officials are not basing the people’s decision. Thus, they vote for right-winged poli ticians like Mr. Bolsonaro who says he will rule through â€Å"person authority† which is supposedly governed by the people. However, it’s merely a manipulation of the people to get him into the office. The most evident is the president of Italy who is ruling with an iron fist, replacing local governments with people that are loyal to them. In the end, all supreme power goes to a single person and the citizens suffer. The misconception about democracy is ultimately what destroys it and turn a government attempting to become democratic into authoritarians. Furthermore, decisions made that may not be supported by the public make them feel neglected and without a voice or freedom. This presents the second problem with liberal democracy. The system with democracy sometimes declines the popular will because they need to balance the people’s decisions and government decisions that protect and regular all the people. While the previous example involves an already deep corruption in the government, this type of flaw cause people to believe the government doesn’t care about the general publicâ €™s opinions and serving some otherwise agenda. As a result, these right-winged politicians to come into power. They point their fingers to officials that are trying to benefit everyone in the country and say that those authorities are denying the common will. For example, outsiders often scapegoat George Soros who promotes the well-being of others by donating to those who are in need and proclaim that they will restore liberty and the constitution. With the hallucination that the government doesn’t care about the people, citizens believe that this form of the system must be destroyed and rebuild with someone that cares about the public. For instance, our president Donald Trump gained popularity partly because he advocated policies that appeal to the benefits of the public. However, these policies are often too extreme because while it can temporarily help the public, in the long run, society and its government would slowly erode. An essential subdivision of popular will is that majority rules. From an evolutionary basis, human’s nature commands us to act and form a tribal relationship. Instinctively, we want to compete and rule others. However, the foundation of democracy is that everyone receives rights and privileges equally. Yet, there are circumstances that make people feel they are being violated and are at risk of â€Å"endangered†. Naturally, they want to protect their parties, so they vote politicians that will protect them. Thus, people will support laws that bully the minority and remove immigrants. However, liberal democracy focuses on protection of rights for everyone including minority. In order words, the system ignores elections that favor one group over another due to the majority. This has a slight but still noticeable impact in America. White Christians are becoming fearful that other religious groups can exceed them so they regularly exercise their â€Å"whiteness† and are more fearful of the minority. Finally, people tend to go against democracy when they feel like their status is becoming weaker relative to other groups. They suddenly become much more defensive of their group identity and see other minority as potential a threat that can risk their status. Ultimately, their ideology shifts to a survival of the fittest. But once again, liberal democracy dismantles such social hierarchies to preserve rights of minority and peace. This causes people to feel like their rights are being suppressed and that the government is repressive. When someone promises to replace the system with one that â€Å"guarantee† people’s freedom, citizens vote for these right-winged politicians. However, once the politicians win the election, he will go against every thing he promised and become a dictator. Brazil is such example as well as many other Latin American countries. All in all, it demonstrates that within the liberal democracy, misinterpretation of democracy, a feeling of trivial public opinion, and social inequality will destroy itself. As a result, people will support radical politicians that can protect their group. I chose this article because it demonstrates the rarity and importance of democracy. America is home to democracy and people can regularly exercise their basic rights such as freedom of speech. Americans can choose which politicians that they believe in and the government is regulated by multiple authorities, not a dictator. Our system balances power in the power and a central government. Yet these privileges are often undermined and sometimes considered granted. So many other countries don’t allow citizens to voice their opinions or prosecute innocent children because of a differing religion. We are so privileged and lucky to be in America. I believe that we should appreciate such a blessing. Not only this, but we should also help other countries. Many countries trying to be democratic fall back to authoritarian because the citizens are manipulated by false promises and concepts. The people must pay the price at the cost of their life sometimes. Thus, we should be much more a ppreciative of what this country offers us and the price of such freedom. I learned that liberal democracy is an extremely complicated process. Until now, I always thought that democracy was just about people having basic rights. I now learned that the problem with liberal democracy is itself, at least partially. I thought that in an economic crisis, our connection with each other would strengthen and that democracy is still intact. However, I learned that it’s through these times of crisis that right-winged politicians come to power due to the people’s desperation. Furthermore, I thought that people would understand that sometime their opinion will be ignored for the general good. But people’s instincts cause them to want to exploit minorities and climb onto the top of the social hierarchy. To sum this in one word, it’s that people are selfish. People’s selfless to become the best and dominate causes a domino effect in which everyone competes and try to downgrade the other. In these times of crisis, politicians create fa lse promises that they will restore freedom in the people, but they almost always turn back on their promise and become a dictator. Finally, I gained insight on truly how precious democracy is. What surprised me is that countries that seem like it would stay democratic like Germany or Brazil are gaining more and more right-winged popularity. However, Portugal which might not seem like a country heading for democracy has no right-winged party rising. What is more ironic is that Portugal which is still going to an economic crisis impose no austerity yet other European countries with a sufficient and somewhat economy are implementing harsh austerity on its people. This connects back to the different kind of boundaries that we learn in class. Many times, a country encounters an obstacle to becoming democratic due to ideologic disagreements. A country is hard to become unified if it already has an internal conflict. For example, early Yugoslavia was extremely difficult to manage and even to the modern day, it still is. In the early days, democracy was hard to implement in Yugoslavia. It has a variety of ethical groups in Yugoslavia. Going back to no social hierarchy, giving more rights to minority threatens the status of other religious groups, making them feel less important. Furthermore, it will not be judged based on which group has the most amount of people due to democracy’s idea of rights for all. The boundaries that separate these different ethnic group made it difficult for a country to have a liberal democracy.

Essay about Comparative Analysis - 965 Words

RUNNING HEAD: COMMUNICATION GENRE Communication Genre Comparative Analysis Paper Pamela E. Mundhenk Week 2 Assignment COM/PA 530 Professor J. Sanfillippo July 29, 2013 University of Phoenix Communication Genre Comparative Analysis Introduction Public administrators use many communication genres to reach their audiences. These genres range from business cards to governmental proposals. Each one has its own purpose. Each one has its own way of getting information to the audience quickly and efficiently. Each one has been affected by technology. Each has its own discourse conventions associated with it. And each has its own method of distribution—either external or internal. The purpose of this analysis is to compare†¦show more content†¦It provides an explanation of previous events for the reader or investigative results, and stipulations for implementation of policies and enforcement of these policies. A policy handbook is a comprehensive guide for the expectations of employees. It provides a statement of core values and purpose, code of conduct, and guidance for internal action. Reaching the Intended Audience The business card and resume both provide substantial information to the reader. However, the genres are different. The business card provides the identity of the agency or organization, address, and phone number. On the other hand, the resume provides the reader with information regarding the candidate’s employment experience and skills. A policy memorandum genre is different in that it provides the reader with information regarding to whom the memorandum is addressed, who it is from, along with a subject to be discussed. Public policy reports genre differ as they are an ongoing process that serves as a means to an end of changes in policy behavior, unlike policy handbooks that provide detailed instructions on how to implement rules within an organization. Technology Technology has advanced the development of genres in various ways. As readers or viewers process documents and view websites, they learn to recognize an agency, a business, or an organization with the use of a business card. Likewise, advances in technology have changed the way employersShow MoreRelatedQuantitative Analysis : Comparative Advantage Essay2258 Words   |  10 Pages3. Quantitative Analysis of Comparative Advantage Within the period of time and two-country world, country A can use a half of its resources to produce 30 units of product 1 and the other half to product 30 units of product 2. On the other side, country B uses the same amount of its resources as country B for 20 units of product 1 and 10 10 units of product 2. In this case, country A has the absolute advantage in producing both products, but it has a comparative advantage in product 2 because itRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Data Mining Tools1685 Words   |  7 Pages Comparative Analysis of Data Mining Tools Research Paper 11/16/2015 Dr. Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson 1. 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We will also be able to compare and contrast these articles through something most commonly known as comparativeRead MoreComparative Analysis Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesJoel Spencer 3779350 Knowing and Knowledge Assessment 1 Comparative Analysis This  essay  will  be  comparing  and  analysing  the  techniques  used  by  two  Melbourne  based university  lectures,  Robert  Manne  and  Patrick  Stokes.  Both  dealing  with  the  thematic  subject  of opinion. Concerning  Climate  Change  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Clear,  Catastrophic  threats,  Manne  opens  the  article  with  an anecdote,  that  Ã‚  a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"part  of  the  english  syllabus  [as  a  schoolboy]  was  Ã¢â‚¬Å"clear  thinking†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  (Manne 2011).  This  anecdote  should  set  up  a  releRead MoreComparative analysis Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Comparative Analysis of Josie Appleton’s article â€Å"The Body Piercing Project† and Bonnie Berkowitz’ â€Å"Tattooing Outgrows Its Renegade Image to Thrive In The Mainstream†. Traditionally, tattoos were meant for sailors, soldiers, bikers and gangs. Along with several changes in the industrialized and technological society of the twenty-first century, the standard for getting body modifications have altered as well. Everyday, people are willing to get permanently marked as an individual choice ratherRead MoreWrite Apa Comparative Analysis784 Words   |  4 Pagesto Write an APA Comparative Analysis Your university English Language teacher has asked you to write a comparative analysis paper. This paper, also known as a compare and contrast, allows the writer to analyze two different things or ideas. She wants you to write the paper in APA format. APA is an acronym for American Psychological Association. The APA’s format is popular in education, social sciences and behavioral sciences. This article will help you format a comparative analysis paper. The first

Dubliners as a Transition from Childhood to Adulthood Free Essays

â€Å"Dubliners† is a very particular short-story cycle because, unlike most other cycles, the link between its stories is not based on the recurrence of major characters. Instead, Joyce manages to unify the collection by exploring the same themes, such as the desire to escape a routine and the connection between life and death, from different perspectives. Interestingly enough, these perspectives are tainted by the perceptions that different age cohorts have of their surroundings. We will write a custom essay sample on Dubliners as a Transition from Childhood to Adulthood or any similar topic only for you Order Now The text as a whole delves into these issues from, initially, a more naive and childish point of view and progresses towards a more discouraged and somehow renouncing tone. â€Å"The Sisters† is basically the tale of how a young unnamed boy handles and mourns the death of his friend and mentor, Father Flynn. Although the age of this unnamed boy it not specified, the text abounds in evidence that might lead the reader to believe that this boy is only just discovering the twists and turns of life. With phrases like â€Å"the word paralysis†¦ it filled me with fear, and yet I longed to be nearer to it and to look upon its deadly work† (p. ), Joyce invites the reader to presume that this boy has never encountered death and is therefore intrigued by it. Then, Old Cotter, a family friend, repeatedly makes reference to how â€Å"there was something uncanny about [Father Flynn]† (p. 1) and that he â€Å"wouldn’t like children of [his] (†¦) to have too m uch to say to a man like that† (p1). Such evaluations and the fact that the boy has strange dreams about Father Flynn confessing his sins to him, give way to the reader’s suspicions that Father Flynn is actually a malevolent figure who acted as much more than a mentor. The boy’s inability to make sense of the true nature of his relationship with Father Flynn is also a clue to realizing that this boy is so young he has not yet been exposed to the dark, more vicious side of life. Then, in â€Å"Araby†, another –or maybe the same- unnamed boy describes an intense crush he had on a friend’s sister. To impress her, the boy promises to go to the Araby Bazaar she so longed to go to and bring her a present. The boy meticulously plans his day and even reminds his uncle of his intentions so that the uncle will return home early and provide train fare. However, the uncle’s tardiness and the â€Å"intolerable delay† (p. 3) of the train, resulted in the boy arriving at Araby when â€Å"nearly all the stalls were closed and the greater part of the hall was in darkness† (p. 3). The boy, noticing the â€Å"English accents† (p. 3) of the salesmen, immediately feels disenchanted. Araby was not, after all, the fascinatingly exotic venue he had imagined it to be. By saying that he â€Å"saw [himself] as a creature driven and derided by vanity;† and that his eyes were †burdened with anguish and anger† (p. ), the boy puts into words his feeling of utter disappointment and frustration. This particular remark, which seems somehow inflated, might lead the reader to believe that this is the boy’s first love-related frustration. The whole of â€Å"Araby†, actually, seems to be the story of a boy who, for the first time in his life, tries to do something special for someone special; and h is failure to succeed hits him hard. â€Å"Ivy Day in the Committee Room† is a more grown-up story which unfolds around a political conversation several canvassers hold. In this discussion, it is revealed that the campaigners widely disapprove of the candidate they are allegedly supporting. Already, remarks such as â€Å"Tricky Dicky Tierney† (p. 4) and â€Å"how does [Tierney] expect us to work for him if he won’t stump up? † (p. 5), remind the reader that the men who are talking are adults. Typically, one associates conviction, idealism and blind belief with the young, untouched generations. Conversely, one can associate skepticism and even cynicism with adults, who are those who have experienced frustrations and disappointments that have rendered them more pragmatic. Furthermore, in this short story, the politicians discuss the character of Charles Parnell, already deceased. The manner in which Joyce discusses the issue of Parnell’s death is utterly different from how death is presented in â€Å"The Sisters†. Whereas in the first short story what is explored is an individual’s encounter with death, which culminates in a private mourning in the presence of a body; â€Å"Ivy Day in the Committee Room† presents the death of Parnell as a matter of public opinion and it explores its effects on the Irish society as a whole. Therefore, it could be said that, considering this particular corpus of short stories, â€Å"Ivy Day in the Committee Room† marks the beginning of the more mature and public phase to which Harry Levin makes reference. Last but not least, â€Å"The Dead†, set at the annual dance and dinner party hosted by the Morkans, presents an eventful ball in which several interesting characters are introduced. All along the evening, awkward conversations occur and, through them, it is revealed that these characters are frustrated, exhausted and have given up all hopes. As the main character, Gabriel Conroy, enters the scene, he asks the Morkans’ housemaid, Lily, â€Å"I suppose we’ll be going to your wedding one of these fine days with your young man, eh? â€Å" (p. 3) to which she bitterly replies â€Å"the men that is now is only all palaver and what they can get out of you† (p. 3). Later on, the always-drunk Freddy Malins arrives and Aunt Kate asks Gabriel to â€Å"see if he’s all right, and don’t let him up if he’s screwed† (p. 5) to which she sharply adds â€Å"I’m sure he’s screwed. I’m sure he is† (p. ). Afterwards, Gabriel is cross-examined by a fervent supporter of Irish culture, Miss Ivors, as to why he would rather go to Belgium or France instead of visiting his own country. Following an uneasy exchange of ideas, Gabriel finally retorts â€Å"I’m sick of my own country, sick of it! † (p. 9). As the night ends, Gabriel’s wife, Gretta, becom es absorbed and detached. Irritated, Gabriel confronts her about her unbecoming behavior and, when she tells the story of how Michael Furey, â€Å"a boy[ she] used to know† (p. 7), died, he begins to reflect about love and life and death and finally realizes that â€Å"snow was (†¦) falling (†¦) upon all the living and the dead† (p. 30). All of these characters seem to embody the state of mind one can associate with the outcome of a long life of experience. Lily is utterly disappointed and does not believe in selfless love any more. Aunt Kate doubts that Freddy could ever be sober and, instead of hoping for the best, she only wishes to disguise the worst. Gabriel resents the culture of polarization in which he lives and grows tired of people imposing their opinions on each other. Gabriel finally realizes that nothing can be changed and that all are equal in the end. â€Å"The Dead† illustrates the stage of adulthood in which people no longer believe in the possibility of change and openly act as if nothing had to be concealed†¦ as if there was no tomorrow. Gabriel’s final ruminations add to the reader’s feeling that the characters are near the verge of death. To conclude, it could be said that â€Å"Dubliners† is the story of a city, a culture and the way in which those immersed in it grow up. The cycle begins with stories with younger, more naive protagonists; and then moves forward into stories with increasingly aged characters. Furthermore, the stories themselves become more complex, intricate and lengthy. In a way, Joyce manages to tell the story of the average Dubliner as he moves across the different periods of a human life by integrating the stories of different characters. The fact that all the stories could become the story of the standard citizen, adds to the effect that the book is indeed the story of he who lives in Dublin. How to cite Dubliners as a Transition from Childhood to Adulthood, Essay examples

Problems With my Neighbors Essay Example For Students

Problems With my Neighbors Essay How are your neighbors with you? You are lucky if they treat you as a member of their family, but what about if it is the contrary? What about if they treat you as a thing not as a human? If this is your situation, I know how you are feeling. I know it because I am living this kind of life. In other words, I do not get along with my neighbors. From the day I moved into my house, I have had to deal with their unfriendly, dirty, and noisy way of living. First of all, my neighbors are very unfriendly people, and that is why they are hated. For example, during the day when I see them, they do not say hello to me. Sometimes, I try to have a conversation with them, but they always ignore me or give me a cold look. Since the day they ignore me, I began to hate them for being the way they are. In addition, my neighbors are not only mean with me, but with my children, too. Sometimes, when they are playing in front of their house, my neighbors come out and tell them to leave using a filthy language that scare my children. Second, the awful thing is not only that my neighbors are unfriendly, but they are dirty, too. For example, during the week, they often throw their trash in front of my house. Although, whenever I see it, I always clean it, but later they throw more. They are irresponsible people who do not care about others around them. Moreover, their yard looks like a jungle with empty cans and bottles and other trash among the big grass that is growing. Why do not they care about it? How lazy they are! Perhaps, they do not know the meaning of the word  clean. Finally, the other thing that makes my neighbors mean, besides being unfriendly and dirty, is that they are very noisy. They have three children and the smallest, the baby, is the one that makes all the noise during the day. He is always crying because he is hungry or because he wants something. Why do not his parents try to lull him? Besides the baby, they also have one big dog that barks all the time. For example, the other day I was going to study, but then it began to bark, and thanks to its harmful noise, I could not concentrate on what I was doing. Moreover, every weekend, they are always having a party at their house. So the loud music and the strange noises from the drunken people begin at noon and end at midnight. In conclusion, my neighbors are inconsiderate people, who do not care about others. They just care about themselves, and do what is best for them. They do not realize how much damage they are causing by doing the things they do. Their unfriendly, dirty, and noisy way of living brings me to that  conclusion. The worst is that I am not the only one who is suffering, but my whole family. To solve this problem, there is only one solution and that is to move out of the neighborhood, but should we do this? Is this the only solution we have? What should we do?

blacks and white in the south Essays - Slavery In The United States

In the past, slavery was looked upon as a good economical institution. However, slavery had a huge negative social impact on the black and white southerners. In Jacobs narrative ?Incidents in the life of a slave girl?, she talks about her experience being black and a female slave in the 1800s. In addition, the experience of the white southerners is also projected. Slavery had a huge effect on the religious views, family dynamic and psychological state of the black and the white southerners.icagl Slavery had an effect on the family dynamics of the white and black families in the south. Since slaves were treated like property, slave masters felt that they could do as they please with their property with no questions asked. In her narrative Jacobs tells of the way slave masters used this to illicit horrible acts on the slaves. He told me I was his property; that I must subject to his will in all things. Many slave masters used this reasoning to have sexual relationships with their female slaves. It resulted in them having a large amount of children with their female slaves and many mixed families. I once saw a white two beautiful children playing together. One was a fair white child; the other her slave, and also her sister. Due to the adultery committed in the marriage by the slave master, the wife was often jealous, angry and bitter towards her female slaves. She also tended to be a bit harsher and crueler when it came to punishing her slaves. The mistress, who ought to prot ect the helpless victim, has no other feelings but jealousy and rage. The mixed children were frowned upon in the slave community and the white household; some mixed children were sold immediately at birth or killed so the wife of the slave master wouldn?t have to see the sign of her husband?s adultery. Due to the mixed families in later generations of black families it caused segregation and issues in the black community amongst fair skinned and darker skinned black people. Being that the slave master could do what he wanted with his slaves he often tore families apart by forcing slaves to marry other slaves on different plantations just to breed them like animals for profit. It also affected the white household of the slave master. It often desensitized the white children to the violence they always saw towards the slaves their parents owned. It caused the family to become dysfunctional seeing their slave master father and mother argue and fight over his adultery and fathering the illegitimate slave children. The daughters often rebelled by sleeping with the male slaves and having their own mixed children just to spite their fathers. Most often the slave masters sons took on the same role that the father had once had, if he was cruel and harsh to slaves the son had to be too. Slavery messed the family dynamic up in the white and the black family units, infants and children were sometimes torn from the mothers at birth or at the auction block for profit. Many slaves were separated from families and never seen again. Religion and its views in the black and white households were affected due to slavery. Slaves that were brought from Africa already had their own views on religion. There is a great difference between Christianity and religion at the south. Slave masters denied the slaves from practicing their African religious rituals. Slaves could only worship in the white churches that would allow them in. Many whites felt it was unfair to have to worship in the same church as blacks. If you disobey your earthly master, you offend your heavenly master. White preachers often used their sermons to get slaves to be more obedient and loyal to their masters. Southern whites often used Christianity to justify slavery and the inhumane cruelty used to enforce power and create fear in the slaves. The slaves who knew how to read and write like Jacobs felt this was a false Christianity the whites were teaching them and trying to get them to practice. Jacobs tells about how God told in the bible to love one a nother and treat each other

Race and My Community

Race and My Community Free Online Research Papers My community consists of mostly White Americans. I am a white female living in Middleton Wisconsin. I see very few members of other cultures in my community. They are here though. I have a few Mexican American and also Muslim American neighbors living in my apartment community and there is a small apartment community that has a few African Americans down the road from me. The majority however is upper-class White Americans making more than fifty thousand per year per person. The chart below shows the population by race within Middleton Wisconsin. (Idcide, 2010). Population by Race White 92% African American 2% Native American 0% Asian 3% Hawaiian 0% Other/Mixed 3% I have not seen others that are not like me get treated any differently. Speaking with my neighbors they have all the rights we do and are not discriminated against within the community. The community holds many fun events for all ages and all races or religions. The motto for Middleton Wisconsin is â€Å"The Good Neighbor City.† It was also named â€Å"Best Place to Live† in August 2007 in Money Magazine. (City of Middleton, WI, 2008). In the community there are many different parks and other recreations you can go to. I was just at the Aquatic Center the other day and there where White Americans and African Americans in the pool and around the pool. I did not see anyone being mean or judging of others. It is all about having fun with family and friends and embracing the environment around us. There was a little girl that was African American that came over to help me teach my daughter how to swim. She was encouraging her and helping her along the way. Parents were talking about there kids and no one was upset that someone of a different color were in the pool as well. I have learned that it is a very friendly neighborhood that provides opportunities for all. In my work manual as well as many others I have seen, it shows no sign of discrimination. It is not geared just towards one race or religion. There is a part on there about a no tolerance for discrimination. I am pretty sure most places have this policy. It is illegal to fire, or not hire, or not promote someone because of there race or ethnic background or even religious views. I do not know of any company that would allow that, and I have seen many companies here in Middleton with a range of diversity. Restaurants, Stores, Malls all have employees of different backgrounds. With the media and my community, I have not seen much of the local media, however in Madison Wisconsin our neighbor city they have local events that are being broadcasted or put into the papers. I feel that they represent everyone. It does seem to have more White Americans that any other race but again most of Madison’s population is also white as well. In my old hometown of St. Petersburg Florida you would always see some kind of crime and the reporter is always in a African American area, while if a crime happened in a White American community you would see nothing. My opinion was that the media was trying to make the African Americans look like bad people. In that town I did see a lot of people being rude to African Americans and even teachers treating them unfairly. A White American student would be late for class and that would be okay but if an African American student was late they were sent straight to the principal’s office or they would get detention. The similarities that I share with the leaders in my town are that they are White American. A big difference would be the money they make compared to the money me or others in my community make. While I live in a city where most of the population makes fifty thousand a year I fall in the range of twenty thousand to thirty thousand a year along with the Muslim and African Americans in my area. You can only tell the difference by looking at our homes or are cars. The ones that make more of course they will have nicer homes and drive a nice car. I am not saying ours is junk. We drive decent paid off cars and live in apartments as opposed to a beautiful two hundred thousand dollar home or more. I am not sure if Minority Groups interests are met in my area. I have not heard of any concerns of theirs, other than they can’t afford the nice homes and cars that others can, but this is not a question for our leaders of the city. This is about the jobs we have and how much they pay us. I have talked to a few of my neighbors that say they are getting paid fairly but because they do not have a college degree they will not be able to go further than they are right now. It is not like they can not go back to school as well. When I go the library I see many postings on classes that are affordable and sometimes offer financial assistance for those who need it. Taking a look around my community I was trying to find any inequities but I did not see any. I am not sure if this is because 92 % is all white Americans. But I know that this town is not unfair to the African Americans, or Muslim Americans, or anyone of another race. If there were I am not sure if there would be a way for me to change that. I spoke with a lady named Tiffany that works in a pay day advance company who also lives in Middleton and she has had no problems living there, nor has she ever felt like she did not belong there. She does make more than others of her race though and that is why it is easier for her to live there. â€Å"I make enough to afford this area and it is a nice area, but I don not feel that others of my color should not live here because they are African American.† (Tiffany 2010) After all my research my finding are that all in all Middleton is mainly an upper class White American community, but I do not see any discrimination against others. If you walk down the streets of my town you will find it mostly whites, around the corner from my Apartment there is another Apartment complex that for the most part I believe has all there diversity there. Most of the population in those apartments were African Americans, I wanted to take a look at this place because many people would believe that they live in horrible apartments and are messy or have a lot of children running around. I went into them and they were really nice apartments a little smaller than mine at about 900 square feet, but were less on rent and included some utilities. I looked around outside and saw that everyone was being friendly and there were some children playing outside. I knew that this was probably where the 2% of African Americans lived that make up our population statistics. I spoke wit h another young lady who did not give her name but she didn’t feel like she was ever judged in the community. She could take her kids to the park or the pool and not have any problems with people being rude to her. She told me she lived in another town about 20 minutes away and they just didn’t like you if were not white. Also after talking with other White American neighbors they would have no problem if someone from another culture lived next to them. I found that the main reason there is not much diversity is because of the cost it is to live there. Houses are no less than $300,000.00 not that someone from a different culture could not get a house like that but for the majority here it is a lot of Graduate School or Masters degrees living in our area that are making more than $50,000.00 a year with just one income. I know for me my fiancà © and I do not make that together, but also we have not gone to school as long as others have. In my conclusion Middleton is a great place to live a little expensive, but very nice area good school, nice clean parks with lots of things to do. Everyone is nice to you and no one that I have met seems to judge you based on the color of your skin or the things you believe in. Reference page Idcide. (2010). Middleton, WI Profile. Retrieved from idcide.com/citydata/wi/middleton.htm City of Middleton, WI. (2008). Welcome to Middleton. Retrieved from ci.middleton.wi.us/Profile.htm Tiffany 2010 a member of my community Research Papers on Race and My Community19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Spring and Autumn

Examine the work of any three twentieth century artists who have Essay

Examine the work of any three twentieth century artists who have sought a political role in their art - Essay Example They created a special social movement that can bring about changes in human life. While people usually tend to steer away from writings on philosophy they rather enjoy it if philosophical thoughts are revealed through fiction, paintings or other forms of art. For instance, communist movement in west spread across the world due to its representation in the works by various artists. In the same lines, some artists do seek political roles in their art and try to propagate the theories they believe in through the media of art. This can be witnessed in the case of three pioneering artists of twenty century who used their medium to project Marxian ideals as well as to criticize the flawed social set up of their times. Diego Rivera, an artist in the realm of murals and paintings, was a Mexican, born in Guanajunto on December, 1886. Rivera had a long sojourn in Europe for 14 years between 1907 and 1921. During this period he came in direct association with French intellectual and political life, which provided him the opportunity to meet eminent figures like Pablo Picasso Georges Brague and several other renowned artists. Due to their influence, he became an inspired cubist producing a series of cubist works during the period between 1914 to1917. An artist cannot remain long in seclusion, cut off from the milieu of political and social upheavals during his time and this obviously holds true in the case of Diego River, too. The chaos of World War-I and the resultant wretched existence of human beings, acted as an intellectual stimulation that prompted some of his works. Communism then ascended as a new political philosophy in the West, and it lent a new life to all art forms and its influence especially marked in painting was both impressive and manifold. Political content in Rivera’s work is apparent through his association with the communist party, especially from his paintings on Lenin, as also from his

Criminal Law LLB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Law LLB - Essay Example The objective element of Bob’s actions was to use his firearm to either murder or cause GBH upon Aran to an extent where he could no longer tease him. Although, the general impacts of his actions may be scanty considering that Aran escaped unhurt, Bob’s actions can be construed as physically well-intended to silence the victim hence the existence of the actus reus. The actus reus in the murder of Lenny can be proved on the grounds that: a) Bob’s actions of firing a live round in a crowded place was negligent of the potential harm that could be caused to other people at the facility, and did kill Lenny; b) Bob’s actions of taking aim at his brother was unlawful and involved the risk of harm, that came true in Lenny’s death (Allen, 2013). In this case, Bob’s mens rea concerns his state of mind when he was committing the offense. Bob’s actions show his carefully-planned intention (to harm Aran and end the teasing), recklessness (by using a lethal weapon to achieve the ends in a social setting) and negligence (acting unreasonably against Aran’s teases). Section Eight of the Criminal Justice Act 1967 requires the jury to determine mens rea by examining whether a criminal did intend to or predicted the outcome of their criminal conduct based on the evidence showing the situation. According to Allen (2013), Section 8 was applied in the case of R v Hyam  [1975] AC 55 where the House of Lords declared the subjective test as admissible. The court established that a criminal suspect’s intent would be met by establishing foresight of the impacts of the actions. In light of this, Bob’s mens rea lies in his intent to harm Aran with malice afterthought of silencing his teases. In Lenny’s case, Bob’s knowing abuse of a firearm whose lethality is very high, constituted mens rea in the attempted murder of Aran, which fell on Lenny. Bob

Impact of Organised Retail On Unorganised Retail

Impact of Organised Retail On Unorganised Retail Abstract The revolution in Indian retail industry has brought many sweeping changes and also opened door for many Indian as well as foreign players. In Indian scenario there is always a constant clash between challenges and opportunities but chances favors those companies that are trying to establish themselves. As every coin has two faces similarly it also has some pros and cons. In India about 96% of retail markets consist of unorganized retail players such as kirana stores. As a result of favorable demographic conditions such as changing life style of Indian consumers and government policies provide huge opportunities for Indian corporate houses as well as foreign players. If we compare today’s scenario with earlier we found that at that time the price and the delivery mode is totally different .at present the markets and their processes are more flexible in all aspects. The new Snow-white market places have started to replace the traditional bazaar – kind of dwarfed tiny corner kirana shop. India has highest shop density in the world. It has more than 1.5crores retail shop thus providing 2nd highest employment after agriculture. It employs 7% of total workforce and contributing more than 10% of India’s GDP.But have we ever thought that what by the entry of big retailers what will be happened to those unorganized retail kirana stores which constitute 96% of it? It may not have an immediate effect but in long run it might affect the small kirana stores and thus many people would loose there job , many families could get affected thus in long run we should not ignore this issue . The main purpose of this report to study the impact of organized retail on the small kirana stores and to find: How kirana stores can sustain themselves in long run? How they will cope in the competition from organized retail players? Are the steps taken by government enough for their safeguards? This paper discusses the various challenges faced by both organized as well as kirana stores in Delhi NCR and how both can sustain in equilibrium without much affecting each others. Introduction Retailing can be defined as the sale of goods or merchandise, from a fixed location such as a department store or kiosk, in small or individual lots for direct consumption by the consumer. Retailing is a well recognized business function which compromises making available desired product in the desired quantity at the desired time. This creates a time, place and form utility for the consumer. The success of retailing is depend up on the efficient supply chain and assortment of merchandise mix. A well-developed supply chain reduces wastages and transaction cost thereby reducing the cost of inventories to be maintained by the producers and the traders. A reduction in the cost of inventory management leads to a reduction in the final price to the consumer. Retailing has been identified as a key source for promotion of textiles, processed foods, agricultural and horticultural products. Recently due to certain demographic and economic changes India retail sector has taken a new breathe. It has created a lot of opportunities for big corporate houses like Tatas , Reliance and Bharti etc as well as for many foreign players. As in present scenario Indian retail is in nascent stage therefore it is not much affecting the small kirana stores but in long run its affect can be ignore. Undoubtedly, revolution in retail is good for Indian consumers as well as government as it will increase the taxes i.e. income for government and consumer will have more choice. Broadly Indian retail sector can be classified into two segments: Unorganized retailing Unorganized retailing is characterized by a distorted real-estate market, poor infrastructure and inefficient upstream processes, lack of modern technology, inadequate funding and absence of skilled manpower. Therefore, there is a need to promote organized retailing. Organized Retailing Organized Retailing can be defined as a form of retailing whereby customers can buy goods in a similar purchase environment across more than one physical location for verticals from food, grocery, apparel, consumer durables, jewellery, footwear, beauty care, home dà ©cor, and books to music. In organized retailing a proper record is maintain by the government and retailers need to pay the tax to the government. What is the threat for local organized stores? India has highly fragmented retail industry. Today’s scenario India, still have of the traditional formats retailing .Today still local kirana shop, pan, bidi shop, hardware Store, weekly hatts,convenience stores bazaars etc.It constitute about 96% of retail market .About 12 million outlets operating in country and only 5% of them being larger than 500 square feet in size. In India it is very important to understand what role it pays in lives of Indian citizens from social as well as economic prospective. Retailing is probably the primary form of Disguised Unemployment In Our Country As we have over crowded agriculture sector and stagnating manufacturing sector and the low wages and hard work in both sectors forced many Indians to jump in service sector. Here due to lack of opportunities it is almost become a natural decision for an individual to set up a small shop or store depending upon his financial condition .Thus retailer is born by circumstance not by choice. Ultimately it provides job of more than 6 crores people where as organized retail provides employment to roughly 7 lakhs peoples. So the policy makes should be careful about these 6 crores peoples, whose livelihood may get in danger in future. Retail Industry Structure Global Scenario Worldwide retail industry is one of the most attracting industry being controlled by a handful of powerful corporations based mainly in the U.S and Europe, namely, Wal-Mart, Tesco, Carrefour and Metro. Beside these their are many others big MNC retailers but they have saturated in their home countries only and are looking for penetrating emerging markets like India, China and Russia. As these players are penetrating in these countries thus providing a world class shopping experience to the consumers. Today consumers become more demanding want world class products as well as not only buying but an experiential shopping. Thus shift in consumer behavior in these emerging markets attracting world biggest players. Also the saturation in US retail market and other existing markets in developed countries forcing them to move in new market like India and china. Retailing in United States Retail Sector is the second largest industry in U.S. both in number of establishments and number of employees. The U. S. retail industry generates $3.8 trillion in retail sales annually ($4.2 trillion if food service sales are included), that is approximately $11,993 per capita. Wal-Mart is the worlds largest retailer and the worlds largest company with more than $312 billion (USD) in sales annually. Wal-Mart employs 1.3 million associates in the United States and more than 400,000 internationally. The second largest retailer in the world is Frances Carrefour. Retail Trends in other Countries China had initially restricted FDI in retailing to only joint ventures at 49 percent foreign holding and only at specified locations subject to a ceiling on the number of stores. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Japan have enforced zoning restrictions for mega-retailers. There are minimal capital requirements for foreign retailers in Sri Lanka. The Philippines has imposed â€Å"sourcing† and reciprocity requirements on foreign retailers. In Japan, mega-retailers must seek the views and permission of small local stores before opening a new store. In the US, major cities such as Los Angeles, California, Chicago and New York City have restricted the opening of Wal-Mart stores within city limits. France enacted the Raffairin Act that regulates the growth of hypermarkets larger than 300 square feet. In Thailand, the government has set up an assistance fund for local retailers due to the impact of mega retailers. Share of Retail Market in world economy: Country Total Market ( bn US $) U.S 4030 Taiwan 40 Malaysia 20 Thailand 32 Indonesia 75 China 325 India 360 Indian Retail Scenario History Traditionally Indian Retail can be traced back from Weekly Markets, Melas, Village Fairs in Small towns and villages to Kirana stores, PDS outlets, Khadi Bhandaar, co-operative stores in Urban cities. The wave of retail began with various textile manufactures like Bombay Dyeing, Raymonds, S Kumar’s, and Grasim foraying into selling the product through their outlets and competition among FMCG players driving the forces towards retailing. The evolution of retailing lead to an emergence of various modern formats like Shopping malls, Super-marts, Hyper-marts,Departmental Stores, Apparel Stores, etc. catering to majorly all sectors of society providing the all-important 3Vs – Value, Variety and Volume. Retail Boom In India Indian Retail Sector is at its inflexion point awaiting multifold growth. The Retail Industry’s Size is presently Rs 1, 44,253 crores out of which the organized sector contributes to a mere 4 percent Of the market size, fairly dominated by scattered, unregulated, unorganized players. Retail sector is expected to grow in tandem to the GDP growth-rate. This sector is slated to be the biggest contributor to GDP of around 10 percent and has promisingly generated ~8 percent employment in India, which is moving towards a larger generation of employment opportunities in the times ahead. Future Of Organised Retailing In India Due to the urban-rural divide, organised retail will grow in the metros and large cities, followed by semi-urban and rural areas. Thus India is on the verge of an enormous multi-fold growth of organised retail. In a span of just 5 years, organised retail is expected to expand in urban cities besides making an entry in semi-urban and rural areas. Presently, the organised retail market is 4 percent of the total retail, that is around Rs 67,310 crore and is expected to compound at 27 percent per annum, aggregating to Rs 1,75,103 crore (7.44 percent of the total retail) in 2010-11. The retail industry is assumed to grow at GDP growth rate. The retail revolution signals softening of inflation rate on an yearly basis, due to elimination of intermediaries in retailing and passing on of all the benefits to the consumer. The mantra expediting the retail growth is ‘Consumer is the King’. Penetration of Organized Sector Organized Share of retail sector is expected to increase to 8-9 percent in 2010-11 from 4 percent in 2007. Segmental Growth of Retailing Food and Grocery This is the largest vertical of 74.4 percent of retail size compromising fruits and vegetables, milk and milk products, staples, cereals, grains, pulses, processed food, ready to cook and ready to eat meals, spices and other eatables. This is least penetrated segment across all verticals of around 1.5 percent, being the most untapped pie. According to NSSO 60th round, 54 percent of the rural and 42 percent of urban expenditure was on food. Apparels Clothing and textile is a large organized vertical dominated by textile manufacturers Raymond, Bombay Dyeing, Vimal, and by big retailers like Pantaloon, Pyramyd, Koutons having ~16.4 penetration level. Increasing disposable incomes and change in the lifestyle needs has pushed the segment. Consumer Durables The electronics and consumer durable is the biggest organized segment penetrated to ~20 percent. There lies more unearthed growth in the verticals as the craze for electronic gadgets have been picking up with the advent of nuclear families. Home Dà ©cor and furnishing The demand for furnishing is going to be spearheaded by a huge demand for the real-estate, paving way to tap the unorganized segment. Presently only a few players like Gautier, Godrej, Durian function as organized entities. Jewellery and Watches Titan is the early entrant in the segment followed by MNCs Oyzterbay, Tanishq, Swaroski, Orra, Gitanjali, D’damas driven by demand for fashion accessories, and huge advertising and promotion campaigns. Beauty Care The organised players in Beauty Care are HLL (Lakme Salons), Marico (Kaya), Health and Glow are having a huge growth impetus. Footwear Leaving aside the Apparel, Footwear segment is forming a big pie in the organised retail sector, expected to grow to greater heights with foreign payers like Crocs Inc. Books, Music and gifts In addition to Tier-II and Tier-III cities, the habit of reading books and listening to music is picking up among the Tier-I cities. The stores like Oxford Bookstore etc are experiencing this upswing. Organized Retail Growth in Indian Cities The Retail sector contributes to around 36 percent of GDP in India and is largest employment generator. The sector is dominated by small-scattered unorganised regional players, large players contributing to meager 10 percent of the total pie. Organised retail is at its nascent phase wherein the large organised retail groups are having aggressive expansion plans to penetrate the Metros and Tier I cities and establish themselves amongst rural masses of Tier I and Tier II cities. There lies a challenge for retailers to experiment with new value formats along with developing customer loyalties. Since there will be demographic shift in population growth, urbanization and migration due to transition in urban household growth and income distribution. The total retail market in the top 67 cities in India in 2006 was Rs. 2.55 trillion, which is expected to increase to Rs. 3.91 trillion in 2011. According to CRISIL, around 87 percent of the retail opportunity comes from top 25 cities compromising Metro Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Mini Metros Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, Mini Metros Ahmedabad and Pune, Tier I cities of Kanpur , Nagpur, Surat and Ludhiana, Tier II cities Coimbatore, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kochi, Jaipur and Tier III cities Vadodara, Vizag, Indore, Vijaywada, Thiruvananthpuram, Bhopal, Nashik and Madurai. The levels of penetration in the top 67 cities are expected to leap. Organized retail has been established in Metros and Tier 1 cities, other cities having negligible level of penetration Retail Formats in India: Conventional Formats Kirana These are food and non-food neighborhood counter stores, also called ‘mom and pop stores’ in western countries. These are big chunks forming the segregated and unorganised retail segment. These are family-ownedand- run retail-outlets picking the goods from wholesalers totaling to around 12 million stores across India. Mandis These are the largest chunk of unorganised retail catering to urban and rural masses. Mandis are physically located at different regions to enhance convenient shopping. The sellers bring across various products like eatables,vegetables and fruits, pulses, cereals, spices etc. The most prominent of them are sabzi mandis found in most of the localities across India. Village Haats This form is operating in rural areas where buyers and sellers gather once in a week or month from nearby villages and small towns to cater their livelihood and leisure needs. These haats are a source of entertainment and socialization among rural masses. Push Cart Vendors The are categories of vendors roaming from door to door in various localities selling fruits, vegetables, and other eatables, from which mostly housewives makes purchases that too on credit. Modern organized retail formats: Shopping malls Area -60000-700000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi format, Multi products, Multi brand caterings, Lifestyle needs. Hyper market Area: 50000 – 100000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi vertical Super markets Area: 5000-10000 square feet. Point of differentiation: low cost, low margin high volume, self service operations design to serve total need for food, laundry household maintenance products. Departmental stores Area: 20000-30000 square feet. Point of differentiation: single vertical , several product lines Apparels store Area: 20000-25000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi branded, Single vertical, focusing on high consumers Specialty stores Area:-2000-5000 square feet Point of differentiation: Narrow product line with deep assortment ,multi branded, Single vertical on specific needs of the customers. Exclusive formats Area: 500-5000 square feet Point of differentiation: Owned/Franchised, Single products 8. Convenience stores Area: 200-500 square feet Point of differentiation: Located near residential area, open long hours, seven days in a week, limited product line, high turnover Advantages of conventional Modern Organized retail formats Conventional formats: Low operating cost Overheads. Proximity to consumers. Low operating hours. Strong relations with customers. Modern organized retail formats: Large bargaining power with suppliers. Range variety of goods. Quality assurance( Brand related, durability) Convenience Hygiene Business Models suiting Indian Scenario Cash--carry Wholesale Model Cash--carry is a form of retail trade in which goods are sold from a wholesale warehouse operated either on a self-service basis where customers settle the invoice on-the-spot or pay cash and carry the goods away themselves. The cash--carry player also performs many value-added functions, including selling and promoting, buying and assortment building, bulk-breaking, warehousing, transporting, financing, risk-bearing, supplying market information, and providing management services. Hub-and-spoke Model Retail Chains are entering residential areas with the hub-andspoke model, whereby one large store supports various smaller stores in the nearby residential areas. This is win-win model is well-suited to the Indian business scene where large stores obtain supplies from the warehouse and supplies to the consumers, involving both large payers acting as wholesalers and local kiranas as retail outlets. With efficient supply chain management, availability of space and proper technology in place, this will not take much time. The Piramyd Retail’s Trumart Stores (food and grocery) in Mumbai and Pune are based on a similar model. Growth Enabling Factors Higher Disposable Income The disposable income has been showing a rapid increase from the last few years and is expected to grow steadily because the proportion of the major consuming class (population having incomes higher than Rs 90,000) is expected to reach 48 percent by 2009-10 from 20 percent in 1995-95, at the 2001-02 prices, at a CAGR of 9.3 percent over the next 8 years leading to new consumption patterns due to increasing depth in the consumers’ pocket. Growing Working women population The propensity to spend in the case of working women is higher by 1.3 times as compared by housewives. According to the census report, the population of working women increased to 26 percent in 2001 as compared to 22 percent in 1991. Adoption of Nuclear Family culture The increase in per capita income paved way to increase the nuclear-family culture. The proportion of nuclear families as a percentage of total household population has increased as shown by fall in average household size from 5.57 in 1991to 5.36 in 2007, expected to fall further to 5.02 by 2011. This will fuel the growth of organised retail. Baby Boomer Effect The demographics of Indian population has a steep growth in earning population (15-60 yrs). In 2000, 593 million people (58.3 percent of total population) constituted the age bracket of 15-60 yrs – growing from an unprecedented level of 335 million people (54 percent of total population) in 1975 at a rate of 77 percent (CAGR of 2.3 percent) in contrast to a population growth of 64 percent (CAGR of 2 percent) over the same period of 25 years. Over the next 15 years, the earning population is expected to increase to 62.8 percent in 2015, translating into a population of 782 million. Growth in Urban Population Urbanization has increased at a rate of 2.7 percent over the last 10 years (1990-2000). In 2000, the urban population was estimated to be 281 million (27.7 percent of the total population). This trend is likely to continue and urbanization is expected to grow at 2.4 percent between 2000 and 2015. In 2015 the urban population is expected to be 401 million, constituting 32.2 percent of the total population. Robust Outlook towards Branded products Due to liberalization of manufacturing sector, various organized branded products have entered into Indian markets, thereby developing and widening the basket for branded finished goods. With the advent of International competition, new trends and lifestyles are evolving among India masses resulting into 10-15 percent growth in branded products. This has established the base for organized retail market in India. Growth in Retail Malls and various other new Formats Real Estate players like Raheja’s, Future Group, DLF, Omaxe, Piramal Group, Parsvnath, Unitech are developing retail malls and leasing out the retail spaces to various retailers of varied products making it a one-stop shopping destinations in urban and semi-urban cities. These shopping-cum-entertainment malls are wooing young buyers to increase their conversion rate backed by increasing foot-falls. Around 358 malls have come up by 2007, covering a total space of 87 million square feet, thereby pushing organised retail to new heights. Plastic Money becoming a greater Pie of credit The use of plastic money in the form of debit and credit cards has expanded multifold in last 5 years. The number of credit cards has grown at a CAGR of 28 percent and debit cards galloped by 140 percent. The customers have adopted the habit of electronic payments and leveraging their pockets shifting from basic needs to lifestyle products. Swot Analysis of Organized Stores Strength: As being technology intensive .these stores are able to forecast customer demand, shorten lead time reduce inventory holding ultimately save cost. Wide assortment show customer has variety of choice Weakness: Despite of high footfall the conversion rate is very low. As a result retail measure experiencing an ROI of only 8% to 10% Organized stores have less customer loyalty as compare to unorganized stores. Low customer knowledge Lack of personal touch Opportunities: Indian middle class is already 30 crores projected to grow to over 60 crores by 2010 making India one of the largest consumer markets in the world. According to KSA projections by 2015 India will have 55 crores people under the age of 20 reflecting the enormous opportunities possible in the kids teens retailing segments. Threats: High real estate rent. Poor Infrastructure Less develop shopping culture. Due to fragmented market high distribution cost. Swot Analysis of Unorganized Stores Strength: Located in prime residential area. Rental for large stores in these area are generally not available. They enjoy a near monopoly in area that is backward or do not have a population with sustainable purchasing power like rural areas. since organized retailer are unlikely to enter such reasons Weakness: Do not provide quality assurance. Less concern about ambience hygiene issue. Opportunities: Low capital requirements Proximity to consumers and strong relationship help them to gauge .Customer needs stock accordingly thus gaining more business. Threats: Increase in use of credit cards With huge stores coming up in catchments areas of 5-7 km of approachable distance larges chains planning to set up hub spoke, smaller stores. So the very existence of traditional store is in danger. Low or no bargaining power due to small scale of operations Due to smaller in size unable to stock a variety of goods. Provide not many options to the customers. Why Indian consumers want more experiential shopping today? The Indian consumer is changing rapidly. The average consumer today is richer, younger and more aspirational in his or her needs than ever before. Consumers now value convenience and choice on a par with getting value for their hard-earned money. A range of modern retailers is attempting to serve the needs of the ‘new’ Indian consumer. Today Indian consumers want not only buying but a full shopping experience. For this one of the important factors responsible is change in life style as well as disposable income. As per Indian consumer’s map , approximately 209 million of total household in India 6 millions are rich having annual income of more than US$ 4700 .this number were 1 million household in 1994 and 3 million households in 1999-00 thus this class is growing very rapidly. About 50% of these families are living in metros and spending more than eighteen billion annually. As per the need of these families around 62% market for premium products is concentrated in Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Kolkata. But now retail market is moving toward big and also small cities . India’s 8.5% of the retail market concentrated in 8 big cities .As per an estimate among rich class top most 1 million customers comes under superrich category growing by 20% per annum and shows behavior similar to international consumers . While this segment is worth targeting for high-end premium products, it is not the key driver of the organized retail sector. The real driver of the Indian retail sector is the bottom 80% of the first layer and the upper half of the second layer of the income map (see ‘Map of India’s income classes’ below). This segment of about 40 million households earns USD 4,000-10,000 per household and comprises salaried employees and self-employed professionals. This segment is expected to grow to 65 million households by 2010 and is currently the key driver behind explosive growth in passenger car sales (USD 5 billion in 2004) and mobile phone penetration (over 70 million). The top 6 Indian cities -Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Hyderabad -are the darlings of India’s exploding economy. They represent 6% of the population, but contribute 14% of India’s GDP. They are the centers of business, finance, politics and the emerging sunrise industries such as IT, pharma and ITeS, which have put India on the global map. These cities are also the barometer of India’s economic development and most foreign investors have flocked here. Are Indian consumers are ready for organize retail? By the end of 20th century in Indian retail sector too many significant changes has taken place. The retailing industry, which in early1990s was dominated by the unorganized sector, is now going a drastic change with a rapid growth in the organized sector with the entry of many corporate groups such as Tata, RPG, ITC and Bennett Coleman Company. Now Indian consumers are much aware about domestic and foreign products by the different source of media, such as newspaper ,television and the internet Apart from this there are too many social changes like increase in working couples , increase in number of nuclear families , rapid Urbanization.goverment policies ,increase in availability of retail space , increase in disposable income , availability of educated manpower also catalyzed the growth of organize retail . Food retailing was the most important area where players like food worlds establishing their outlets all over the India. Beside it supermarket and departmental stores now replacing traditional grocery stores all over the India , by the entry of fast foods (McDonalds), packaged foods (MTR), vending machines and specialty beverage parlors (Nescafe, Tata Tea, Cafe Coffee and Barista) brought about significant changes in the eating habits of Indian consumers. Literature Review Indian retail sector still has long way to go till now many research work and articles have been return over Indian retail. These articles and research work mainly focus upon huge untapped markets in Indian retail. They mainly talk about the opportunities available in the Indian market for the growth of organized retail. Some of the important research paper and articles which inspired me and catalyzed my thinking process over this topic are: â€Å"The evolving retail market in India† was written by Dale Anne Raiss and Ranjan biswas working as partner and head of market at Ernst Young .In this report they talk about largely untapped potential in retailing in India. They also tal Impact of Organised Retail On Unorganised Retail Impact of Organised Retail On Unorganised Retail Abstract The revolution in Indian retail industry has brought many sweeping changes and also opened door for many Indian as well as foreign players. In Indian scenario there is always a constant clash between challenges and opportunities but chances favors those companies that are trying to establish themselves. As every coin has two faces similarly it also has some pros and cons. In India about 96% of retail markets consist of unorganized retail players such as kirana stores. As a result of favorable demographic conditions such as changing life style of Indian consumers and government policies provide huge opportunities for Indian corporate houses as well as foreign players. If we compare today’s scenario with earlier we found that at that time the price and the delivery mode is totally different .at present the markets and their processes are more flexible in all aspects. The new Snow-white market places have started to replace the traditional bazaar – kind of dwarfed tiny corner kirana shop. India has highest shop density in the world. It has more than 1.5crores retail shop thus providing 2nd highest employment after agriculture. It employs 7% of total workforce and contributing more than 10% of India’s GDP.But have we ever thought that what by the entry of big retailers what will be happened to those unorganized retail kirana stores which constitute 96% of it? It may not have an immediate effect but in long run it might affect the small kirana stores and thus many people would loose there job , many families could get affected thus in long run we should not ignore this issue . The main purpose of this report to study the impact of organized retail on the small kirana stores and to find: How kirana stores can sustain themselves in long run? How they will cope in the competition from organized retail players? Are the steps taken by government enough for their safeguards? This paper discusses the various challenges faced by both organized as well as kirana stores in Delhi NCR and how both can sustain in equilibrium without much affecting each others. Introduction Retailing can be defined as the sale of goods or merchandise, from a fixed location such as a department store or kiosk, in small or individual lots for direct consumption by the consumer. Retailing is a well recognized business function which compromises making available desired product in the desired quantity at the desired time. This creates a time, place and form utility for the consumer. The success of retailing is depend up on the efficient supply chain and assortment of merchandise mix. A well-developed supply chain reduces wastages and transaction cost thereby reducing the cost of inventories to be maintained by the producers and the traders. A reduction in the cost of inventory management leads to a reduction in the final price to the consumer. Retailing has been identified as a key source for promotion of textiles, processed foods, agricultural and horticultural products. Recently due to certain demographic and economic changes India retail sector has taken a new breathe. It has created a lot of opportunities for big corporate houses like Tatas , Reliance and Bharti etc as well as for many foreign players. As in present scenario Indian retail is in nascent stage therefore it is not much affecting the small kirana stores but in long run its affect can be ignore. Undoubtedly, revolution in retail is good for Indian consumers as well as government as it will increase the taxes i.e. income for government and consumer will have more choice. Broadly Indian retail sector can be classified into two segments: Unorganized retailing Unorganized retailing is characterized by a distorted real-estate market, poor infrastructure and inefficient upstream processes, lack of modern technology, inadequate funding and absence of skilled manpower. Therefore, there is a need to promote organized retailing. Organized Retailing Organized Retailing can be defined as a form of retailing whereby customers can buy goods in a similar purchase environment across more than one physical location for verticals from food, grocery, apparel, consumer durables, jewellery, footwear, beauty care, home dà ©cor, and books to music. In organized retailing a proper record is maintain by the government and retailers need to pay the tax to the government. What is the threat for local organized stores? India has highly fragmented retail industry. Today’s scenario India, still have of the traditional formats retailing .Today still local kirana shop, pan, bidi shop, hardware Store, weekly hatts,convenience stores bazaars etc.It constitute about 96% of retail market .About 12 million outlets operating in country and only 5% of them being larger than 500 square feet in size. In India it is very important to understand what role it pays in lives of Indian citizens from social as well as economic prospective. Retailing is probably the primary form of Disguised Unemployment In Our Country As we have over crowded agriculture sector and stagnating manufacturing sector and the low wages and hard work in both sectors forced many Indians to jump in service sector. Here due to lack of opportunities it is almost become a natural decision for an individual to set up a small shop or store depending upon his financial condition .Thus retailer is born by circumstance not by choice. Ultimately it provides job of more than 6 crores people where as organized retail provides employment to roughly 7 lakhs peoples. So the policy makes should be careful about these 6 crores peoples, whose livelihood may get in danger in future. Retail Industry Structure Global Scenario Worldwide retail industry is one of the most attracting industry being controlled by a handful of powerful corporations based mainly in the U.S and Europe, namely, Wal-Mart, Tesco, Carrefour and Metro. Beside these their are many others big MNC retailers but they have saturated in their home countries only and are looking for penetrating emerging markets like India, China and Russia. As these players are penetrating in these countries thus providing a world class shopping experience to the consumers. Today consumers become more demanding want world class products as well as not only buying but an experiential shopping. Thus shift in consumer behavior in these emerging markets attracting world biggest players. Also the saturation in US retail market and other existing markets in developed countries forcing them to move in new market like India and china. Retailing in United States Retail Sector is the second largest industry in U.S. both in number of establishments and number of employees. The U. S. retail industry generates $3.8 trillion in retail sales annually ($4.2 trillion if food service sales are included), that is approximately $11,993 per capita. Wal-Mart is the worlds largest retailer and the worlds largest company with more than $312 billion (USD) in sales annually. Wal-Mart employs 1.3 million associates in the United States and more than 400,000 internationally. The second largest retailer in the world is Frances Carrefour. Retail Trends in other Countries China had initially restricted FDI in retailing to only joint ventures at 49 percent foreign holding and only at specified locations subject to a ceiling on the number of stores. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Japan have enforced zoning restrictions for mega-retailers. There are minimal capital requirements for foreign retailers in Sri Lanka. The Philippines has imposed â€Å"sourcing† and reciprocity requirements on foreign retailers. In Japan, mega-retailers must seek the views and permission of small local stores before opening a new store. In the US, major cities such as Los Angeles, California, Chicago and New York City have restricted the opening of Wal-Mart stores within city limits. France enacted the Raffairin Act that regulates the growth of hypermarkets larger than 300 square feet. In Thailand, the government has set up an assistance fund for local retailers due to the impact of mega retailers. Share of Retail Market in world economy: Country Total Market ( bn US $) U.S 4030 Taiwan 40 Malaysia 20 Thailand 32 Indonesia 75 China 325 India 360 Indian Retail Scenario History Traditionally Indian Retail can be traced back from Weekly Markets, Melas, Village Fairs in Small towns and villages to Kirana stores, PDS outlets, Khadi Bhandaar, co-operative stores in Urban cities. The wave of retail began with various textile manufactures like Bombay Dyeing, Raymonds, S Kumar’s, and Grasim foraying into selling the product through their outlets and competition among FMCG players driving the forces towards retailing. The evolution of retailing lead to an emergence of various modern formats like Shopping malls, Super-marts, Hyper-marts,Departmental Stores, Apparel Stores, etc. catering to majorly all sectors of society providing the all-important 3Vs – Value, Variety and Volume. Retail Boom In India Indian Retail Sector is at its inflexion point awaiting multifold growth. The Retail Industry’s Size is presently Rs 1, 44,253 crores out of which the organized sector contributes to a mere 4 percent Of the market size, fairly dominated by scattered, unregulated, unorganized players. Retail sector is expected to grow in tandem to the GDP growth-rate. This sector is slated to be the biggest contributor to GDP of around 10 percent and has promisingly generated ~8 percent employment in India, which is moving towards a larger generation of employment opportunities in the times ahead. Future Of Organised Retailing In India Due to the urban-rural divide, organised retail will grow in the metros and large cities, followed by semi-urban and rural areas. Thus India is on the verge of an enormous multi-fold growth of organised retail. In a span of just 5 years, organised retail is expected to expand in urban cities besides making an entry in semi-urban and rural areas. Presently, the organised retail market is 4 percent of the total retail, that is around Rs 67,310 crore and is expected to compound at 27 percent per annum, aggregating to Rs 1,75,103 crore (7.44 percent of the total retail) in 2010-11. The retail industry is assumed to grow at GDP growth rate. The retail revolution signals softening of inflation rate on an yearly basis, due to elimination of intermediaries in retailing and passing on of all the benefits to the consumer. The mantra expediting the retail growth is ‘Consumer is the King’. Penetration of Organized Sector Organized Share of retail sector is expected to increase to 8-9 percent in 2010-11 from 4 percent in 2007. Segmental Growth of Retailing Food and Grocery This is the largest vertical of 74.4 percent of retail size compromising fruits and vegetables, milk and milk products, staples, cereals, grains, pulses, processed food, ready to cook and ready to eat meals, spices and other eatables. This is least penetrated segment across all verticals of around 1.5 percent, being the most untapped pie. According to NSSO 60th round, 54 percent of the rural and 42 percent of urban expenditure was on food. Apparels Clothing and textile is a large organized vertical dominated by textile manufacturers Raymond, Bombay Dyeing, Vimal, and by big retailers like Pantaloon, Pyramyd, Koutons having ~16.4 penetration level. Increasing disposable incomes and change in the lifestyle needs has pushed the segment. Consumer Durables The electronics and consumer durable is the biggest organized segment penetrated to ~20 percent. There lies more unearthed growth in the verticals as the craze for electronic gadgets have been picking up with the advent of nuclear families. Home Dà ©cor and furnishing The demand for furnishing is going to be spearheaded by a huge demand for the real-estate, paving way to tap the unorganized segment. Presently only a few players like Gautier, Godrej, Durian function as organized entities. Jewellery and Watches Titan is the early entrant in the segment followed by MNCs Oyzterbay, Tanishq, Swaroski, Orra, Gitanjali, D’damas driven by demand for fashion accessories, and huge advertising and promotion campaigns. Beauty Care The organised players in Beauty Care are HLL (Lakme Salons), Marico (Kaya), Health and Glow are having a huge growth impetus. Footwear Leaving aside the Apparel, Footwear segment is forming a big pie in the organised retail sector, expected to grow to greater heights with foreign payers like Crocs Inc. Books, Music and gifts In addition to Tier-II and Tier-III cities, the habit of reading books and listening to music is picking up among the Tier-I cities. The stores like Oxford Bookstore etc are experiencing this upswing. Organized Retail Growth in Indian Cities The Retail sector contributes to around 36 percent of GDP in India and is largest employment generator. The sector is dominated by small-scattered unorganised regional players, large players contributing to meager 10 percent of the total pie. Organised retail is at its nascent phase wherein the large organised retail groups are having aggressive expansion plans to penetrate the Metros and Tier I cities and establish themselves amongst rural masses of Tier I and Tier II cities. There lies a challenge for retailers to experiment with new value formats along with developing customer loyalties. Since there will be demographic shift in population growth, urbanization and migration due to transition in urban household growth and income distribution. The total retail market in the top 67 cities in India in 2006 was Rs. 2.55 trillion, which is expected to increase to Rs. 3.91 trillion in 2011. According to CRISIL, around 87 percent of the retail opportunity comes from top 25 cities compromising Metro Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Mini Metros Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, Mini Metros Ahmedabad and Pune, Tier I cities of Kanpur , Nagpur, Surat and Ludhiana, Tier II cities Coimbatore, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kochi, Jaipur and Tier III cities Vadodara, Vizag, Indore, Vijaywada, Thiruvananthpuram, Bhopal, Nashik and Madurai. The levels of penetration in the top 67 cities are expected to leap. Organized retail has been established in Metros and Tier 1 cities, other cities having negligible level of penetration Retail Formats in India: Conventional Formats Kirana These are food and non-food neighborhood counter stores, also called ‘mom and pop stores’ in western countries. These are big chunks forming the segregated and unorganised retail segment. These are family-ownedand- run retail-outlets picking the goods from wholesalers totaling to around 12 million stores across India. Mandis These are the largest chunk of unorganised retail catering to urban and rural masses. Mandis are physically located at different regions to enhance convenient shopping. The sellers bring across various products like eatables,vegetables and fruits, pulses, cereals, spices etc. The most prominent of them are sabzi mandis found in most of the localities across India. Village Haats This form is operating in rural areas where buyers and sellers gather once in a week or month from nearby villages and small towns to cater their livelihood and leisure needs. These haats are a source of entertainment and socialization among rural masses. Push Cart Vendors The are categories of vendors roaming from door to door in various localities selling fruits, vegetables, and other eatables, from which mostly housewives makes purchases that too on credit. Modern organized retail formats: Shopping malls Area -60000-700000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi format, Multi products, Multi brand caterings, Lifestyle needs. Hyper market Area: 50000 – 100000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi vertical Super markets Area: 5000-10000 square feet. Point of differentiation: low cost, low margin high volume, self service operations design to serve total need for food, laundry household maintenance products. Departmental stores Area: 20000-30000 square feet. Point of differentiation: single vertical , several product lines Apparels store Area: 20000-25000 square feet Point of differentiation: Multi branded, Single vertical, focusing on high consumers Specialty stores Area:-2000-5000 square feet Point of differentiation: Narrow product line with deep assortment ,multi branded, Single vertical on specific needs of the customers. Exclusive formats Area: 500-5000 square feet Point of differentiation: Owned/Franchised, Single products 8. Convenience stores Area: 200-500 square feet Point of differentiation: Located near residential area, open long hours, seven days in a week, limited product line, high turnover Advantages of conventional Modern Organized retail formats Conventional formats: Low operating cost Overheads. Proximity to consumers. Low operating hours. Strong relations with customers. Modern organized retail formats: Large bargaining power with suppliers. Range variety of goods. Quality assurance( Brand related, durability) Convenience Hygiene Business Models suiting Indian Scenario Cash--carry Wholesale Model Cash--carry is a form of retail trade in which goods are sold from a wholesale warehouse operated either on a self-service basis where customers settle the invoice on-the-spot or pay cash and carry the goods away themselves. The cash--carry player also performs many value-added functions, including selling and promoting, buying and assortment building, bulk-breaking, warehousing, transporting, financing, risk-bearing, supplying market information, and providing management services. Hub-and-spoke Model Retail Chains are entering residential areas with the hub-andspoke model, whereby one large store supports various smaller stores in the nearby residential areas. This is win-win model is well-suited to the Indian business scene where large stores obtain supplies from the warehouse and supplies to the consumers, involving both large payers acting as wholesalers and local kiranas as retail outlets. With efficient supply chain management, availability of space and proper technology in place, this will not take much time. The Piramyd Retail’s Trumart Stores (food and grocery) in Mumbai and Pune are based on a similar model. Growth Enabling Factors Higher Disposable Income The disposable income has been showing a rapid increase from the last few years and is expected to grow steadily because the proportion of the major consuming class (population having incomes higher than Rs 90,000) is expected to reach 48 percent by 2009-10 from 20 percent in 1995-95, at the 2001-02 prices, at a CAGR of 9.3 percent over the next 8 years leading to new consumption patterns due to increasing depth in the consumers’ pocket. Growing Working women population The propensity to spend in the case of working women is higher by 1.3 times as compared by housewives. According to the census report, the population of working women increased to 26 percent in 2001 as compared to 22 percent in 1991. Adoption of Nuclear Family culture The increase in per capita income paved way to increase the nuclear-family culture. The proportion of nuclear families as a percentage of total household population has increased as shown by fall in average household size from 5.57 in 1991to 5.36 in 2007, expected to fall further to 5.02 by 2011. This will fuel the growth of organised retail. Baby Boomer Effect The demographics of Indian population has a steep growth in earning population (15-60 yrs). In 2000, 593 million people (58.3 percent of total population) constituted the age bracket of 15-60 yrs – growing from an unprecedented level of 335 million people (54 percent of total population) in 1975 at a rate of 77 percent (CAGR of 2.3 percent) in contrast to a population growth of 64 percent (CAGR of 2 percent) over the same period of 25 years. Over the next 15 years, the earning population is expected to increase to 62.8 percent in 2015, translating into a population of 782 million. Growth in Urban Population Urbanization has increased at a rate of 2.7 percent over the last 10 years (1990-2000). In 2000, the urban population was estimated to be 281 million (27.7 percent of the total population). This trend is likely to continue and urbanization is expected to grow at 2.4 percent between 2000 and 2015. In 2015 the urban population is expected to be 401 million, constituting 32.2 percent of the total population. Robust Outlook towards Branded products Due to liberalization of manufacturing sector, various organized branded products have entered into Indian markets, thereby developing and widening the basket for branded finished goods. With the advent of International competition, new trends and lifestyles are evolving among India masses resulting into 10-15 percent growth in branded products. This has established the base for organized retail market in India. Growth in Retail Malls and various other new Formats Real Estate players like Raheja’s, Future Group, DLF, Omaxe, Piramal Group, Parsvnath, Unitech are developing retail malls and leasing out the retail spaces to various retailers of varied products making it a one-stop shopping destinations in urban and semi-urban cities. These shopping-cum-entertainment malls are wooing young buyers to increase their conversion rate backed by increasing foot-falls. Around 358 malls have come up by 2007, covering a total space of 87 million square feet, thereby pushing organised retail to new heights. Plastic Money becoming a greater Pie of credit The use of plastic money in the form of debit and credit cards has expanded multifold in last 5 years. The number of credit cards has grown at a CAGR of 28 percent and debit cards galloped by 140 percent. The customers have adopted the habit of electronic payments and leveraging their pockets shifting from basic needs to lifestyle products. Swot Analysis of Organized Stores Strength: As being technology intensive .these stores are able to forecast customer demand, shorten lead time reduce inventory holding ultimately save cost. Wide assortment show customer has variety of choice Weakness: Despite of high footfall the conversion rate is very low. As a result retail measure experiencing an ROI of only 8% to 10% Organized stores have less customer loyalty as compare to unorganized stores. Low customer knowledge Lack of personal touch Opportunities: Indian middle class is already 30 crores projected to grow to over 60 crores by 2010 making India one of the largest consumer markets in the world. According to KSA projections by 2015 India will have 55 crores people under the age of 20 reflecting the enormous opportunities possible in the kids teens retailing segments. Threats: High real estate rent. Poor Infrastructure Less develop shopping culture. Due to fragmented market high distribution cost. Swot Analysis of Unorganized Stores Strength: Located in prime residential area. Rental for large stores in these area are generally not available. They enjoy a near monopoly in area that is backward or do not have a population with sustainable purchasing power like rural areas. since organized retailer are unlikely to enter such reasons Weakness: Do not provide quality assurance. Less concern about ambience hygiene issue. Opportunities: Low capital requirements Proximity to consumers and strong relationship help them to gauge .Customer needs stock accordingly thus gaining more business. Threats: Increase in use of credit cards With huge stores coming up in catchments areas of 5-7 km of approachable distance larges chains planning to set up hub spoke, smaller stores. So the very existence of traditional store is in danger. Low or no bargaining power due to small scale of operations Due to smaller in size unable to stock a variety of goods. Provide not many options to the customers. Why Indian consumers want more experiential shopping today? The Indian consumer is changing rapidly. The average consumer today is richer, younger and more aspirational in his or her needs than ever before. Consumers now value convenience and choice on a par with getting value for their hard-earned money. A range of modern retailers is attempting to serve the needs of the ‘new’ Indian consumer. Today Indian consumers want not only buying but a full shopping experience. For this one of the important factors responsible is change in life style as well as disposable income. As per Indian consumer’s map , approximately 209 million of total household in India 6 millions are rich having annual income of more than US$ 4700 .this number were 1 million household in 1994 and 3 million households in 1999-00 thus this class is growing very rapidly. About 50% of these families are living in metros and spending more than eighteen billion annually. As per the need of these families around 62% market for premium products is concentrated in Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Kolkata. But now retail market is moving toward big and also small cities . India’s 8.5% of the retail market concentrated in 8 big cities .As per an estimate among rich class top most 1 million customers comes under superrich category growing by 20% per annum and shows behavior similar to international consumers . While this segment is worth targeting for high-end premium products, it is not the key driver of the organized retail sector. The real driver of the Indian retail sector is the bottom 80% of the first layer and the upper half of the second layer of the income map (see ‘Map of India’s income classes’ below). This segment of about 40 million households earns USD 4,000-10,000 per household and comprises salaried employees and self-employed professionals. This segment is expected to grow to 65 million households by 2010 and is currently the key driver behind explosive growth in passenger car sales (USD 5 billion in 2004) and mobile phone penetration (over 70 million). The top 6 Indian cities -Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Hyderabad -are the darlings of India’s exploding economy. They represent 6% of the population, but contribute 14% of India’s GDP. They are the centers of business, finance, politics and the emerging sunrise industries such as IT, pharma and ITeS, which have put India on the global map. These cities are also the barometer of India’s economic development and most foreign investors have flocked here. Are Indian consumers are ready for organize retail? By the end of 20th century in Indian retail sector too many significant changes has taken place. The retailing industry, which in early1990s was dominated by the unorganized sector, is now going a drastic change with a rapid growth in the organized sector with the entry of many corporate groups such as Tata, RPG, ITC and Bennett Coleman Company. Now Indian consumers are much aware about domestic and foreign products by the different source of media, such as newspaper ,television and the internet Apart from this there are too many social changes like increase in working couples , increase in number of nuclear families , rapid Urbanization.goverment policies ,increase in availability of retail space , increase in disposable income , availability of educated manpower also catalyzed the growth of organize retail . Food retailing was the most important area where players like food worlds establishing their outlets all over the India. Beside it supermarket and departmental stores now replacing traditional grocery stores all over the India , by the entry of fast foods (McDonalds), packaged foods (MTR), vending machines and specialty beverage parlors (Nescafe, Tata Tea, Cafe Coffee and Barista) brought about significant changes in the eating habits of Indian consumers. Literature Review Indian retail sector still has long way to go till now many research work and articles have been return over Indian retail. These articles and research work mainly focus upon huge untapped markets in Indian retail. They mainly talk about the opportunities available in the Indian market for the growth of organized retail. Some of the important research paper and articles which inspired me and catalyzed my thinking process over this topic are: â€Å"The evolving retail market in India† was written by Dale Anne Raiss and Ranjan biswas working as partner and head of market at Ernst Young .In this report they talk about largely untapped potential in retailing in India. They also tal